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Extra resources for Basic Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook

Example text

Mo does not attach directly to a noun phrase within a noun predicate. Given a statement of the type “A is X,” you can add the statement “B too is X” to it as in (a) below. However, if you want to say “A is also Y,” you can only use the formal alternative de mo arimasu as in (b). ” Connective particles: to, ka, ya, toka, ga, keredomo, and kara Double particles Wa and mo can directly attach to a noun phrase replacing ga and o. ߽㘩ߴ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ ᷰㄝߐࠎߪ ߪࠨ࡜࠳߽ watanabe-san wa sarada mo tabemashita “Ms. ” Wa and mo can follow most other particles, resulting in double particles.

Konpyuutaa ga kowaremashita You will later see that the classification of verbs into meaning-based groups such as ACTION VERBS, STATIVE VERBS, and CHANGE-OF-STATE VERBS is relevant to various grammatical operations (see Units 5, 15, and 16). , “I am a student”, “You are a student”, “S/he is a student”). , affirmative or negative), and politeness. In addition, what would be expressed as a separate AUXILIARY VERB in English is often realized in Japanese as a suffix attached to a predicate. Therefore, a single Japanese verb takes many more forms than a corresponding English verb.

Rii-san wa nihongo o hanashimasu Here, the subject is marked by the TOPIC marker wa, and the object by the object marker o. Markers such as wa and o are called particles (see Unit 5). Nouns can also become predicates when followed by the COPULA VERB da or its POLITE form desu (see Unit 6). ” senkoo wa nihongo desu In addition, if a noun is followed by the possessive particle no, it can modify another noun. In the following example, nihongo “Japanese” modifies kurasu “class,” and no appears between them.

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